subjected to a great controversy in early Shi'i history. Some An exhaustive scrutiny of the sources may well prove that The fact, however, remains that Mukhtar, in all probability |
newly emerging revolutionary or Messianic branches of the It may, however, be pointed out here for future reference
As long as Husayn was alive the Shi'is remained united,
'Ali Zayn al-'Abidin was the only one of the sons of Husayn |
all other family members. In spite of this feeling, however, he When the Medinese rose against Yazid b. Mu'awiya in the In the conflict between the Umayyads and 'Abd Allah b. |
they had never noticed him so elated since that tragedy at
Shi'i sources record a number of traditions stating that There is no criterion for an historian either to accept or to |
them from the oppressive rule of the Syrians. They found an On his part, Ibn al-Hanafiya did not repudiate Mukhtar's |
(and not of the Imam only) attached to the person of Ibn al-
Being the son of Husayn and the eldest surviving Towards the end of his life Zayn al-'Abidin seems to have |
traditionist, Sa'd was Zayn al-'Abidin's main spokesman and Perhaps the most important role in enhancing Zayn al- It is one whose footsteps are well known to every spot and it is he who is known to the Bayt [Ka'ba], in Mecca, the most frequented sanctuary. |
It is he who is the son of the best of all men of God [reference to the Prophet], and it is he who is the most pious and devout, pure and unstained, chaste and righteous and a symbol [of Islam]. This is 'Ali [b. al-Husayn], whose father is the Prophet, and it was through the light of his [the Prophet's] guidance that the darkened road changed into the straight path. This is the son of Fatima, if you are ignorant of him; and with his great-grandfather the Prophethood came to an end and Muhammad became the seal of the Prophets. Whosoever recognizes his God knows also the primacy and superiority of this man ['Ali b. al-Husayn], because religion reached the nations through his house. (25) The authenticity of this famous qasida of Farazdaq, and Farazdaq, however, had to pay for his praise of the Imam, All these reports of Zayn al-'Abidin's adherents suggest |
Husayn in 61/680 and thedeath of Ibn az-Zubayr in 73/692, Apart from the small number of followers, mentioned |
though Sa'd respected Zayn al-'Abidin and was also a close Zayn al-Abidin died in the year 94/712-713, and was buried |
line of Husayn. It is then only natural that he would have Zayn al-'Abidin, by raising claims to the heritage of Husayn Though Muhammad al-Baqir inherited his father's follow- |
and his followers were markedly overshadowed by Zayd and Now the most vital question with which we are concerned |
Isma'iliya sects, which produced a considerable religious It is no doubt true, however, that immediately after the |
Apart from Zurara, other important adherents of Al-Baqir, Muhammad b. Muslim b. Riyah at-Ta'ifi, (43) and Al-Fudayl Among these followers of Al-Baqir, Aba Basir Layth al- Al-Kumayt b. Zayd al-Asadi,(47) a renowned poet of his |
from danger, and in order to please the Caliph he even wrote Though the city of Basra was generally anti-Shi'i, Al-Baqir However, the popularity of the movement of Zayd b. Zayn When Abu Bakr b. Muhammad al-Hadrami and his brother |
Imam before he resorted to the sword, he refused to answer A crucial question was that of the rights of Abu-Bakr and However, Zayd's special emphasis on accepting the |
attitude of these Ku fan Shi'is and said, "Even if the Butrites Among these Kufan Shi'is was Al-Hakam b. 'Utayba al- The question of the first two caliphs at this stage draws our "Before the Imamate of Muhammad al-Baqir the Shi'is did not This tradition clearly indicates that until the time of Al- |
absolutely forbade all intoxicants, including nabidh However, the above-mentioned accounts seem to make it At the time of Al-Baqir's death, the legitimist faction, Much has been recorded about Muhammad al-Baqir's |
one of the most erudite men of his time. Because of this Many jurists, attracted by the fame of his learning, used to It is not certain when Al-Baqir died. The earliest date is Shahrastani tells us that some of Al-Baqir's followers Muhammad al-Baqir, by the time he died, had lived as an |
Notes to Chapter 9
(1) Welihausen, Ahzab, pp. 198-234; K. A. Fariq, The Story of an Arab Diplomat (New Dehli, 1967) (2) Hodgson, "How Did the Early Shi'a Become Sectarian?", JAOS ('955), p.3 (3) Ibn Sa'd,V,p.2I2 (4) Ibn Sa'd, V, pp.212, 220; Tabari, II, p.209 (5) Tabari, II, p.220 (6) ibid. (7) Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p.70; Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p.260; Dinawari, p. 266 (8) Baladhuri; V, p.272; Masudi, Muruj, III, 74 (9) Ya'qubi, II, p.259 (10) Baladhuri, V, p.272; Ibn Sa'd, V, p.213 (11) Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni; Usul al-Kafi (Karachi, 1965), I, p.353; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, p.7; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, p.332. Also see Mas'udi; Muruj, III, p.225 (12) Kulayni, loc. cit. (13) Ibn Khaldun, 'Ibar (Cairo, 1867), III, p.172 (14) Baladhuri, V, p.218 (15) Kulayni, Kafi, pp.352 f. (16) Kashshi, Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat ar-Rijal (Tehran, n.d.), p.121 (17) ibid., p.124 (18) ibid., p.123 (19) ibid., p.115 (20) ibid., p.4; Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat adh-Dhahab (Cairo, 1350 A.H.), I, p.84 (21) Kashshi, Rijal, p. 119 (22) ibid., pp.201-3 (23) ibid., p. 124 (24) e.g., Kulayni, Kafi; passim (25) Farazdaq, Diwan, I, p.847 f.; Aghani; XXI, pp.400 ff.; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat, VI, pp. 95f.; Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Mahasin wa'l- Masawi; ed. Schwally (Giessen, 1902), pp.131 f.; Abu Nu'aym, Hilyat al-Awliya (Cairo, 1938), III, p.139; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 130 if.; Subki, Abo Nasr, Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iya, ed. Ahmad b. 'Abd al- Karim (Cairo, n.d.), I, pp.153 if.; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, pp. 108 f. (26) See the detailed account in the references cited in note 25 above. (27) Kashshi, Rijal, p.123 |
(28) Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 216; Kashshi, Rijal 155 ff.
(29) Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 216
(30) For Sunni sources, see Ibn Sa'd, V, pp.216-22; Ibn Khallikan, III, pp. 266 if.; Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 260; II, p. 138; III, pp.120 f.; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, pp.103-15. For Shi'i sources, see Ya'qubi, II, p.247; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 160; Kulayni, Kafi, I, Kitab al- Hujja and passim; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp.138-45; 'Amili, 'A'yan, IV, pp. 308-461 (31) Mubarrad, Kamil, II, p. 138 (32) Kulayni, Kafi, I, pp.354 f.; Majlisl, Bihar, XI, pp. 100 ff.; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh, fol. 32a (33) Montgomery Watt, "Shi'ism under the Umayyads", pp. 168 f.; Hodgson, op. cit., p. I (34) See references cited in note 32 above (35) See specifically Kulayni, Kafi; "Kitab al-Hujj a" (36) Montgomery Watt, op. cit., p. 166 (37) Kashshi, Rijal, pp.133 ff. (38) ibid., pp. 161, 176 ff (39) ibid., pp.276, 347 ff. (40) ibid., pp.211, 238. See also Ha'iri Muntaha al-Maqal (Tehran, 1302 AH), pp.304-5 (41) Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 169, 238 (42) ibid., p.238 (43) Kashshi, Rijal, pp. i6i, 238; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p.243 (44) Kashshi, Rijal, pp.213 f.; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p.243; Najashi, Rijal, p.210 (45) Kashshi, Rijal, p.170; Ha'iri; Muntaha, pp. 24-50 (46) Kashshl, Rijal, pp.201 ff; Ha'iri; Muntaha, p.73 (47) See Aghani; XVI, pp.330 ff; Jahiz, Bayan, I, p.46 (48) Aghani; XVI, p.333 (49) Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 206 f.; Aghani; loc. cit. (50) Kashshi; Rijal, p. 206 f. (51) Kashshi, Rijal, p.214; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p.293 (52) Kashshi, loc. cit.; Ha'iri, loc. cit. (53) Kashshi, Rijal, p.232 (54) Ibn Sa'd, V, pp.211, 320, 325 f. (55) Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, p.127; Ibn Sa'd, V, pp.211, 325 f. (56) Shahrastani, Milal, I, pp. 154 f. (57) ibid. (58) Kashshi, Rijal, pp.416 f. (59) Shahrastani, Milal, I, p.49 (60) Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, p.311; Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, IV, p.300; Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat as-Safwa, II, p. 61; Abu Nu'aym, Hilya, III, p. 185 |
(61 )Traditions referring to the poet Kumayt quote Al-Baqir as very violently disavowing Abu Bakr and 'Umar; see Kashshl, Rijal, pp.205 f. On the other hand Kumayt did not express himself openly against the first two caliphs; see his verse in Hashimyat, p. 155 (62) Nawbakhti, Firaq, pp.52 ff.; Kashshl, Rijal, p.229 (63) Kashshi, Rijal, p.232. The Butrlya were those who drew no distinction between the claimants from the house of 'Ali and supported any 'Alid claimant who revolted, sword in hand. (64) Dhahabi; Ta'rikh, IV, p. 242; Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, II, pp. 434 ff (65) Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat, I, p.151 (66) Kashshi, Rijal, p.209 (67) Kashshi, Rijal, p.209; Ha'iri, Muntaha p.263 (68) Kashshi, Rijal, pp.209, 229 (69) Kashshi, Rijal, p. 289 (70) Schacht, Origins, pp. 262 ff (71) Kulayni, Furu' al-Kafi, II, p.193. Also see Dhahabl, Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, I, p. 160; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh Al-Akhbar, fol. 36a (72) Schacht, Origins, pp. 266 ff; Malik b. Anas, Muwatta, III, p.23; Murtada b. Dai', Tadhkirat al-'Awamm, pp. 270-271 (73) Ibn Sa'd, V, p.321; Kulayni, Kafi, pp.299 ff; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, fol. 32a ff.; 'Amill, A'yan, IV, pp. 262 ff; Ibn Khallikan, IV, p. 176; Majlisl, Bihar, XI, pp. 100 ff (74) Ya'qubi, II, p.320; Bayhacl, Kitab al-Mahasin wa'l Masawi, III, pp. 298 ff; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, fol. 33a (75) Ibn Khallikan, IV, p.176 (76) Qadi Nu'man, loc. cit.; 'Amili, A'yan, pp.490 ff; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, pp.100 f.; Kulayni, Kafi, pp.299 ff; Bhahlanji, Nur al- Ibsar, pp. 160 ff (77) See Ibn Sa'd, V, p.324; Ibn Khallikan, IV, pp.174; Abu'l- Mahasin, Nujum, I, pp.273 f. The last source here says he died in AH 114. (78) Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p.219 (79) Ya'qubi, II, p.320.Also see Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, IV, p.300 (80) Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 166 (81) Firaq, p.25 (82) Al-Ja'fariya should not be confused with the name Madhhab al-Ja'fari, given very often to the present Twelver Shi'a. |