Musa ibn Ja'far al-Kazim
(Peace be Upon him)
Name: Musa
Title: al-Kazim
Agnomen: Abu Ibrahim
Father's name: Ja'far as-Sadiq
Mother's name: Hamidah al-Barbariyyah
Birth: In Abwa' (between Mecca and Medina) on Sunday, 7th Safar 128 AH
Death: Died at the age of 55, in Baghdad, on 25th Rajab 183 AH; poisoned by Harun
ar-Rashid; buried in al-Kazimiyyah, Baghdad.
Imam Musa al-Kazim
is the Seventh Apostolic Imam. His epithet was Abu
'I-Hasan and his famous title was al-Kazim. His matchless devotion and worship of God has
also earned him the title of "'Abdu's.-Salih" (virtuous slave of God).
Generosity was synonymous with his name and no beggar ever returned from his door empty
handed. Even after his death, he continued to be obliging and was generous to his devotees
who came to his holy tomb with prayers and behests which were invariably granted by God.
Thus, one of his additional titles is also "Babu 'l-Hawaij" (the door to
fulfilling needs).
* * *
Parents
The Holy Imam Musa al-Kazim was the son of
Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq, the Sixth Imam. The name of his mother was Hamidah, the daughter of
a noble man hailing from the states of Barbary.
* * *
Childhood
Imam Musa al-Kazim passed twenty years of
his sacred life under the gracious patronage of his holy father. His inherent genius and
gifted virtues combined with the enlightened guidance and education from the Holy Imam
Ja'far as-Sadiq, showed in the manifestation of his future personality. He was fully
versed with the Divine Knowledge even in his childhood. al-'Allamah al-Majlisi relates
that once Abu Hanifah happened to call upon the holy abode of Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq to ask
him about some religious matters masail). The Imam was asleep and so he kept waiting
outside till the Imam's awakening. Meanwhile, Imam Musa al-Kazim, who was then five years
old, came out of his house. Abu Hanifah, after offering him his best compliments,
enquired: "O the son of the Holy Prophet ! what is your opinion about the deeds of a
man? Does he do them by himself or does God make him do them?" "O Abu
Hanifah", the five years old Imam replied at once, in the typical tone of his
ancestors, "the doings of a man are confined to three possibilities. First, that God
alone does them while the man is quite helpless. Second, that both God and the man do
equally share the commitment. Third, that man does them alone. Now, if the first
assumption is true, it obviously proves the unjustness of God who punishes His creatures
for sins which they have not committed. And if the second condition be acceptable, even
then God becomes unjust if He punishes the man for the crimes in which He is equally a
partner. But the undesirability of both these conditions is evident in the case of God.
Thus, we are naturally left with the third alternative to the problem that men are
absolutely responsible for their own doings."
* * *
Imamate
The Holy Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq breathed his
last on 25th ShawwaL 148 AH, and with effect from the same date Imam Musa al-Kazim
succeeded the holy office of Imamate as the Seventh Imam. The period of his Imamate
continued for thirty-five years. In the first decade of his Imamate, Imam Musa al-Kazim
could afford a peaceful execution of the responsibilities of his sacred office and carried
on the propagation of the teachings of the Holy Prophet. But soon after, he fell a victim
to the ruling kings and a greater part of his life passed in prison.
Political Condition: Imam Musa al-Kazim
lived under the most crucial times in the regimes of the despotic 'Abbasid kings who were
marked for their tyrannical and cruel administration. He witnessed the reigns of al-Mansur
ad-Dawaniqi, al-Mahdi and Harun ar-Rashid. al-Mansur and Harun ar-Rashid were the despotic
kings who put a multitude of innocent descendants of the Holy Prophet to the sword.
Thousands of these martyrs were buried alive inside walls or put into horrible dark
prisons during their lifetime. These depraved caliphs knew no pity or justice and they
killed and tortured for the pleasure they derived from human sufferings. The Holy Imam was
saved from the tyranny of al-Mansur because the king, being occupied with his project of
constructing the new city of Baghdad, could not get time to turn towards victimizing the
Imam. By 157 AH the city of Baghdad was built. This was soon followed by the death of its
founder a year later. After al-Mansur, his son al-Mahdi ascended the throne. For a few
years he remained indifferent towards the Imam. When in 164 AH he came to Medina and heard
about the great reputation of the Imam, he could not resist his jealousy and the spark of
his ancestral malice against the Ahlu 'l-Bayt was rekindled. He somehow managed to take
the Imam along with him to Baghdad and got him imprisoned there. But after a year he
realized his mistake and released the Imam from jail. al-Mahdi was succeeded by al-Hadi
who lived only for a year. Now, in 170 AH, the most cruel and tyrannical king Harun
ar-Rashid appeared at the head of the 'Abbasid Empire. It was during his reign that the
Holy Imam passed the greater part of his life in a miserable prison till he was poisoned.
* * *
Moral and Ethical Excellence
As regards his morality and ethical
excellence, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami remarks: "The patience and forbearance of Imam Musa
al-Kazim was such that he was given the title of 'al-Kazim' (one who swallows down his
anger). He was the embodiment of virtue and generosity. He devoted his nights to the
prayers of God and his days to fasting. He always forgave those who did wrong to
him." His kind and generous attitude towards the people was such that he used to
patronize and help the poor and destitutes of Medina and provide for them cash, food,
clothes and other necessitities of sustenance secretly. It continued to be a riddle for
the receivers of gifts throughout the Imam's lifetime as to who their benefactor was, but
the secret was not revealed until after his death.
* * *
Literary Attainments
Time and circumstances did not permit the
Holy Imam Musa al-Kazim to establish institutions to impart religious knowledge to his
followers as his father, Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq and his grandfather, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir
had done. He was never allowed to address a congregation. He carried on his mission of
preaching and guiding people quietly.
* * *
Death
In 179 AH, Harun ar-Rashid visited Medina.
The fire of malice and jealousy against the Ahlul-Bayt was kindled in his heart when he
saw the great influence and popularity which the Holy Imam enjoyed amongst the people
there. He got the Imam arrested while he was busy in prayer at the tomb of the Holy
Prophet and kept him in prison in Baghdad for a period of about four years. On the 25th
Rajab 183 AH, he got the Imam martyred by poison. Even his corpse was not spared
humiliation and was taken out of the prison and left on the Bridge of Baghdad. His
devotees, however, managed to lay the holy body of the Imam to rest in al-Kazimiyyah
(Iraq).
al-Imam al-Kazim, peace be Upon him, said:
No charity is superior to giving a helping
hand to the weak. Never bother to learn something not knowing which does not do you any
harm, and never neglect to learn something whose negligence will increase your ignorance.
* * *
(A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles, p.
131-136)